(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below: (i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. (ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back vRead more
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below:
(i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
(ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across desert.
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masuli-patam and Hoogly.
(b) Role played by the Indian merchants in the growth of textiles was as given below:
Different types of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in network of export trade i.e., financing, production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
(ii) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
(iii) At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
The factors were as follow: (i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One couldRead more
The factors were as follow:
(i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.
(ii) Seasonal work: Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
(iii) Low wages and less period of employment: Wages were increased to some extent in the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor.
(iv) Introduction of new technology: The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.
The condition of workers was, therefore, not satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.
What role did the Indian merchants play in the growth of textiles before 1750? Explain any three points.
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below: (i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles. (ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back vRead more
(a) The condition of Indian textiles before the age of machine industries was as given below:
See less(i) SiIk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
(ii) India produced finer varieties of cotton textiles that were taken to eastern Persia and central Asia on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across desert.
(iii) A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masuli-patam and Hoogly.
(b) Role played by the Indian merchants in the growth of textiles was as given below:
Different types of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in network of export trade i.e., financing, production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
(ii) Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
(iii) At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
Explain how the condition of workers steadily declined in the early 20th century Europe.
The factors were as follow: (i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One couldRead more
The factors were as follow:
See less(i) Abundance of labour and wait for jobs: There was abundance of labour in the market. Jobseekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.
(ii) Seasonal work: Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.
(iii) Low wages and less period of employment: Wages were increased to some extent in the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor.
(iv) Introduction of new technology: The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.
The condition of workers was, therefore, not satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.