1. Double circulation occurs in humans. It refers to the passage of same blood twice through the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood whereas the left chambers of the heart pump oxygenated blood. There is no intermixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The oxygenated blood from lungsRead more

    Double circulation occurs in humans. It refers to the passage of same blood twice
    through the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood whereas the left chambers of the heart pump oxygenated blood. There is no intermixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The oxygenated blood from lungs comes to left auricle through pulmonary veins. Simultaneously, the deoxygenated blood comes to right auricle through two large veins Contraction of ventricles results in transfer of blood from them into lungs and various body parts. Precisely left ventricle on contraction sends oxygenated blood to body through the largest
    artery Aorta. While the right ventricle pumps the blood into lungs and for oxygenation through pulmonary artery. The separation of the right side and left side of the heart is useful so as to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, Which constantly use the energy to maintain their body temperature.

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  2. Relation between oxidation and oxidising agent: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called oxidation. The substance that brings about oxidation is called oxidising agent. Example: Fe₂O₃ + 2Al ⟶A1₂O₃ + 2Fe In this example, Fe₂O₃ has acted as oxidising agent and A1 has been oxidised.

    Relation between oxidation and oxidising agent:
    Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called oxidation.
    The substance that brings about oxidation is called oxidising agent.
    Example: Fe₂O₃ + 2Al ⟶A1₂O₃ + 2Fe
    In this example, Fe₂O₃ has acted as oxidising agent and A1 has been oxidised.

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  3. (i) When Zinc carbonate is calcined : ZnCo₃ ⟶ ZnO + CO₂↑ (ii) When manganese dioxide is heated with aluminum powder: 3MnO₂ + 4A1 ⟶ 3Mn + 2A1₂O₃ (iii) When magnesium is heated with very dil. HNO₃: Mg + 2HNO₃ ⟶ Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂

    (i) When Zinc carbonate is calcined :
    ZnCo₃ ⟶ ZnO + CO₂↑
    (ii) When manganese dioxide is heated with aluminum powder:
    3MnO₂ + 4A1 ⟶ 3Mn + 2A1₂O₃
    (iii) When magnesium is heated with very dil. HNO₃:
    Mg + 2HNO₃ ⟶ Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂

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  4. (i) Phenolphthalein gives a pink colour with soap because soap contains alkali in traces. (ii) By-products of chlor-alkali Process: NaOH, H ₂ and C1₂ (iii) Universal indicator specifies the various levels of H+ concentration.

    (i) Phenolphthalein gives a pink colour with soap because soap contains alkali in traces.
    (ii) By-products of chlor-alkali Process:
    NaOH, H ₂ and C1₂
    (iii) Universal indicator specifies the various levels of H+ concentration.

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  5. Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime (lime water). It is an exothermic reaction. That is why the container became hot. CaO + 2H₂O ⟶ Ca(OH)₂ + Heat When calcium hydroxide is applied on the wails, it reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate which gives a shining whitRead more

    Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime (lime water). It is an exothermic reaction. That is why the container became hot.
    CaO + 2H₂O ⟶ Ca(OH)₂ + Heat
    When calcium hydroxide is applied on the wails, it reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate which gives a shining white coating on the walls.
    Ca(OH) ₂ + CO₂ ⟶ CaCO₃ + H₂O

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