Parliament has following powers and functions:
(i) Legislative powers : Parliament makes laws in a country. It is the reason for calling them legislatures. Parliament can make new laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and can make new ones in their place.
(ii) Executive powers:

Parliament exercises control over the executive i.e., Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers in a parliamentary democracy is responsible to Parliament (Lok Sabha in India).
(iii) Financial powers: Parliament controls all the money that government has. It
passes budget every year. Public money can be spent only with the approval of the Parliament.
(iv) Highest forum of discussion: Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and
debate on public issues and national policy. Parliament can seek information about any matter.

The reasons for the changes in clothing pattern and materials year as follows:
(i) The spread of democratic ideals: Before French Revolution in France. Sumptuary laws regulated the wearing of clothes in French society. for example, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur. The French Revolution ended these distinction. Now both men and women began wearing loose and confrontable clothes. The colours of France blue, white and red – – became popular as they were_ sign of the patriotic citizens. The simplicity of clothing expressed the idea of equality. In England, too with the development of suffrage movement, there was campaign for dress reform.
(ii) colonisation of most of the world by Europe: colonisation also brought changes in clothing pattern and materials. For example, when Indian came under British control, many people adopted some elements of western-style clothing in their dress.
(iii) The growth of an industrial society : As a result of Industrial revolution, Britain began the mass manufacture of cotton textiles. It was exported to many parts of the world including India. Cotton clothes became more accessible to a wider section of people in Europe too. This brought changes in the clothing patterns and materials of the clothes as people could use style and materials drawn from other cultures and countries.

(a) Open field system: It implies that in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, a public meeting was held to allocate a number of strips to cultivate to each villager. These strips were of different quality and in different places. The effort was to ensure that every villager got
good as well as bad land. Beyond these strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the commons. For the poor, the common land was essential for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle, and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.
(b) Open field system and a rich farmer: The open field system was not useful for rich farmers because they did not have a compact land which could increase their income. The land was not privately owned by them. Since 16th century, the rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. They were eager to control large areas of land in compact blocks to allow improved breeding of sheep. So they began dividing and enclosing common land and building hedges around their holdings. They drove out villagers who had small cottages on the commons. They prevented the poor from entering the enclosed fields.

(i) Railways: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways
were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled. The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks
fast started disappearing.
(ii) Shipbuilding : By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. So to build English ships and to protect and maintain the imperial power, the supply of timber was essential. Search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. As a result of it, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.

Two examples of changes similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are as follows:
(i) Loss of grazing land and expansion of cultivation: The colonial government in India wanted to transform all grazing land into cultivated farms to increase its revenue. Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. The lands taken, over were actually grazing tracts. So, the expansion of cultivation meant the decline of pastures.
In East Africa also, the colonial government encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasture lands were turned into cultivated fields
(ii) Reservation of land/forests: Various Forest Acts were passed. Some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were deciares, Reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. In protected forests, some customary grazing rights were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
on the other hand in East Africa, large areas of grazing land were turned. into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti park in Tanzania’ Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. These reserves were in areas that had tradition- ally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.