(a) The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGL in 1943. (b) The famine killed thirty lakh people in the province of Bengal.
(a) The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGL
in 1943.
(b) The famine killed thirty lakh people in the province of Bengal.
A famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
A famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics
caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
(a) Condition of Maasai society in pre-colonial period was as given below: (i) Maasai society was divided into two categories - elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils tri decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriorsRead more
(a) Condition of Maasai society in pre-colonial period was as given below:
(i) Maasai society was divided into two categories – elders and warriors.
(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils tri decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids.
(iv) Young men came to be recognised as members of the warrior class after proving their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. They were, however, subject to the authority of the elders.
(b) The British took following steps regarding Maasai community;
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who ,were made
responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
(ii) The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.
(c) Effects of the British policy were as given below:
(i) On the chiefs : They accumulated wealth. They had a regular income with which
they could buy animals, goods and land-. They lent money to the poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes. They began living in towns and became involved in trade. Their wives and children stayed back in villages to look after the animals. They had both pastoral and no pastoral income. The chiefs managed to survive the bad times.
(ii) On the poor pastoralists : They did not have the resources to tide over bad times. In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything. They had to go to towns for a living and worked as charcoal burners, or worked in road or building construction.
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues. (ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England. (iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land. (iv) According to a RRead more
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues.
(ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England.
(iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land.
(iv) According to a Royal commission on agricultural, the factors were increasing population, extension of irrigation facilities, acquisition of pastures for government purposes such as define and industries.
(b) Effects of reduction in grazing lands were as follows:
(i) As the land was given to individuals for expansion cultivation, it became difficult for the pastoralists to raise large herds in the absence of pastures.
(ii) Their (pastoralists) earning went down.
(iii) The quality of their livestock deteriorated.
(iv) Dietary standards fell and underfed cattle died in large numbers.
(v) Indebtedness increased.
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below: (a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers. (ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (iiiRead more
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below:
(a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers.
(ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(iii) In Search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distance, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and folder.
(b) Raikas:- (i) They lived in Rajasthan
(ii) As the rain was meagre and uncertain, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner remained in their home villages where pasture was available.
(iv) After monsoon they moved to other places in search of pasture and returned again during the next monsoon.
(v) There were groups of Raikas-one Maru (desert) Raikas who herded camels and the other group reared sheep and goat.
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways: (i) They changed the path of their annual movement. (ii) They reduced their cattle number. (iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas. (iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms ofRead more
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways:
(i) They changed the path of their annual movement.
(ii) They reduced their cattle number.
(iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas.
(iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
(b) The pastoralists have a place in the modern world. The environmentalists and economists have increasingly come to recognise that pastoral nomadism is a perfectly suited to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic" They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis. (b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live witRead more
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic” They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis.
(b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. As a result of restrictions, large number of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in these years of drought. There was a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists. An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed
7,20,000 cattle, 8,20,000 sheep and 1,71,000 donkeys. In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below: (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers. (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 194Read more
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below:
(i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers.
(ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could not move into Sindh due to new boundaries between India and Pakistan. As a result of it they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. The fields get manure that the animals provide.
(ii) Rich pastoralists began buying land and settled down. They gave up their nomadic Iife. Some took up cultivation. Others took to more extensive trading.
(iv) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders. Some poor people lost theircattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass. (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of landRead more
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass.
(ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
(iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(v) The alternation of the monsoon and dry season defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement. In dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left w-hen the rains came because only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoons and other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau.
Which was the devastating famine that occurred in India and what was its effect?
(a) The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGL in 1943. (b) The famine killed thirty lakh people in the province of Bengal.
(a) The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGL
See lessin 1943.
(b) The famine killed thirty lakh people in the province of Bengal.
What is a famine?
A famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
A famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics
See lesscaused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.
What was the condition of Maasai society in the pre-colonial times? How was it affected by the changes in the colonial period?
(a) Condition of Maasai society in pre-colonial period was as given below: (i) Maasai society was divided into two categories - elders and warriors. (ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils tri decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. (iii) The warriorsRead more
(a) Condition of Maasai society in pre-colonial period was as given below:
See less(i) Maasai society was divided into two categories – elders and warriors.
(ii) The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils tri decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
(iii) The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids.
(iv) Young men came to be recognised as members of the warrior class after proving their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. They were, however, subject to the authority of the elders.
(b) The British took following steps regarding Maasai community;
(i) The British appointed chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai, who ,were made
responsible for the affairs of the tribe.
(ii) The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.
(c) Effects of the British policy were as given below:
(i) On the chiefs : They accumulated wealth. They had a regular income with which
they could buy animals, goods and land-. They lent money to the poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes. They began living in towns and became involved in trade. Their wives and children stayed back in villages to look after the animals. They had both pastoral and no pastoral income. The chiefs managed to survive the bad times.
(ii) On the poor pastoralists : They did not have the resources to tide over bad times. In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything. They had to go to towns for a living and worked as charcoal burners, or worked in road or building construction.
What were the factors for reduction of area available for grazing for the pastoralists? What were the effect of reduction in grazing land?
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues. (ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England. (iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land. (iv) According to a RRead more
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues.
See less(ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England.
(iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land.
(iv) According to a Royal commission on agricultural, the factors were increasing population, extension of irrigation facilities, acquisition of pastures for government purposes such as define and industries.
(b) Effects of reduction in grazing lands were as follows:
(i) As the land was given to individuals for expansion cultivation, it became difficult for the pastoralists to raise large herds in the absence of pastures.
(ii) Their (pastoralists) earning went down.
(iii) The quality of their livestock deteriorated.
(iv) Dietary standards fell and underfed cattle died in large numbers.
(v) Indebtedness increased.
Give a brief description of major pastoral communities of Up, Punjab and Rajasthan.
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below: (a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers. (ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (iiiRead more
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below:
See less(a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers.
(ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(iii) In Search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distance, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and folder.
(b) Raikas:- (i) They lived in Rajasthan
(ii) As the rain was meagre and uncertain, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner remained in their home villages where pasture was available.
(iv) After monsoon they moved to other places in search of pasture and returned again during the next monsoon.
(v) There were groups of Raikas-one Maru (desert) Raikas who herded camels and the other group reared sheep and goat.
How have the pastoralists adapted to new times? Do they have a place in the modern world?
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways: (i) They changed the path of their annual movement. (ii) They reduced their cattle number. (iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas. (iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms ofRead more
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways:
See less(i) They changed the path of their annual movement.
(ii) They reduced their cattle number.
(iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas.
(iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
(b) The pastoralists have a place in the modern world. The environmentalists and economists have increasingly come to recognise that pastoral nomadism is a perfectly suited to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
Why are the pastoralists nomadic? What happened to Massai when they were confined to a place during the colonial rule?
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic" They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis. (b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live witRead more
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic” They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis.
See less(b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. As a result of restrictions, large number of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in these years of drought. There was a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists. An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed
7,20,000 cattle, 8,20,000 sheep and 1,71,000 donkeys. In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
Describe the various restrictions imposed on the pastoral groups in Africa from the late 19th century. What were its effects?
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
See less(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
How did the pastoralists cope with the changes made by the government?
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below: (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers. (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 194Read more
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below:
See less(i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers.
(ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could not move into Sindh due to new boundaries between India and Pakistan. As a result of it they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. The fields get manure that the animals provide.
(ii) Rich pastoralists began buying land and settled down. They gave up their nomadic Iife. Some took up cultivation. Others took to more extensive trading.
(iv) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders. Some poor people lost theircattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
Describe the condition and movement of pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass. (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of landRead more
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass.
See less(ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
(iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(v) The alternation of the monsoon and dry season defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement. In dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left w-hen the rains came because only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoons and other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau.