1. They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below: (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers. (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 194Read more

    They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below:
    (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers.
    (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could not move into Sindh due to new boundaries between India and Pakistan. As a result of it they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. The fields get manure that the animals provide.
    (ii) Rich pastoralists began buying land and settled down. They gave up their nomadic Iife. Some took up cultivation. Others took to more extensive trading.
    (iv) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders. Some poor people lost theircattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.

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  2. (i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass. (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of landRead more

    (i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass.
    (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
    (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
    (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
    (v) The alternation of the monsoon and dry season defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement. In dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left w-hen the rains came because only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoons and other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau.

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  3. Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly shepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thornyRead more

    Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly
    shepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thorny scrubs. Only bajra could be sown here but in the monsoon the area became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October they shifted to Konkan because that was a flourishing agricultural tract high rainfall and rich soil. The Konkan peasants gave them supplies of rice. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the
    stubble. With the onset of the monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau because the sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.

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  4. The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move theirRead more

    The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move their herds and flocks to new areas. This continuous movement also allows the pasture to recover. It prevents their overuse too.

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  5. They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern marchRead more

    They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter,
    when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. They move in a Kafila. With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountainsides were lush green. The variety of grasses provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds. By end September they move again on their downward journey, back to their winter base. When the high mountains are covered with snow, the herds are grazed in the low hills.

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