(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues. (ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England. (iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land. (iv) According to a RRead more
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues.
(ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England.
(iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land.
(iv) According to a Royal commission on agricultural, the factors were increasing population, extension of irrigation facilities, acquisition of pastures for government purposes such as define and industries.
(b) Effects of reduction in grazing lands were as follows:
(i) As the land was given to individuals for expansion cultivation, it became difficult for the pastoralists to raise large herds in the absence of pastures.
(ii) Their (pastoralists) earning went down.
(iii) The quality of their livestock deteriorated.
(iv) Dietary standards fell and underfed cattle died in large numbers.
(v) Indebtedness increased.
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below: (a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers. (ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (iiiRead more
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below:
(a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers.
(ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(iii) In Search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distance, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and folder.
(b) Raikas:- (i) They lived in Rajasthan
(ii) As the rain was meagre and uncertain, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner remained in their home villages where pasture was available.
(iv) After monsoon they moved to other places in search of pasture and returned again during the next monsoon.
(v) There were groups of Raikas-one Maru (desert) Raikas who herded camels and the other group reared sheep and goat.
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways: (i) They changed the path of their annual movement. (ii) They reduced their cattle number. (iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas. (iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms ofRead more
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways:
(i) They changed the path of their annual movement.
(ii) They reduced their cattle number.
(iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas.
(iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
(b) The pastoralists have a place in the modern world. The environmentalists and economists have increasingly come to recognise that pastoral nomadism is a perfectly suited to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic" They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis. (b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live witRead more
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic” They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis.
(b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. As a result of restrictions, large number of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in these years of drought. There was a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists. An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed
7,20,000 cattle, 8,20,000 sheep and 1,71,000 donkeys. In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
What were the factors for reduction of area available for grazing for the pastoralists? What were the effect of reduction in grazing land?
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues. (ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England. (iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land. (iv) According to a RRead more
(a) The factors were as given below: (i) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands to increase its revenues.
See less(ii)) To produce more jute, cotton wheat and other agricultural produce for England.
(iii) Uncultivated land was considered as unproductive or waste land.
(iv) According to a Royal commission on agricultural, the factors were increasing population, extension of irrigation facilities, acquisition of pastures for government purposes such as define and industries.
(b) Effects of reduction in grazing lands were as follows:
(i) As the land was given to individuals for expansion cultivation, it became difficult for the pastoralists to raise large herds in the absence of pastures.
(ii) Their (pastoralists) earning went down.
(iii) The quality of their livestock deteriorated.
(iv) Dietary standards fell and underfed cattle died in large numbers.
(v) Indebtedness increased.
Give a brief description of major pastoral communities of Up, Punjab and Rajasthan.
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below: (a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers. (ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (iiiRead more
The major pastoral communities of Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and Rajasthan are Banjaras and Raikas. Their description is given below:
See less(a) Banjaras: (i) Banjaras were well-known group of graziers.
(ii) They were found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
(iii) In Search of good pastureland for their cattle, they moved over long distance, selling plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange of grain and folder.
(b) Raikas:- (i) They lived in Rajasthan
(ii) As the rain was meagre and uncertain, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner remained in their home villages where pasture was available.
(iv) After monsoon they moved to other places in search of pasture and returned again during the next monsoon.
(v) There were groups of Raikas-one Maru (desert) Raikas who herded camels and the other group reared sheep and goat.
How have the pastoralists adapted to new times? Do they have a place in the modern world?
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways: (i) They changed the path of their annual movement. (ii) They reduced their cattle number. (iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas. (iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms ofRead more
(a) The pastoralists adapted to new times in the following ways:
See less(i) They changed the path of their annual movement.
(ii) They reduced their cattle number.
(iii) The pressed for rights to enter new areas.
(iv) They extorted political pressure on the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
(b) The pastoralists have a place in the modern world. The environmentalists and economists have increasingly come to recognise that pastoral nomadism is a perfectly suited to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
Why are the pastoralists nomadic? What happened to Massai when they were confined to a place during the colonial rule?
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic" They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis. (b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live witRead more
(a) During drought, the pastoralists move to areas where forage is available. That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic” They move from place to place. This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crisis.
See less(b) They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. As a result of restrictions, large number of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in these years of drought. There was a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists. An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed
7,20,000 cattle, 8,20,000 sheep and 1,71,000 donkeys. In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
Describe the various restrictions imposed on the pastoral groups in Africa from the late 19th century. What were its effects?
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
See less(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.