It is correct to state that caste system has not disappeared completely as enumerated below: (i) Lower caste people are still not at par with upper caste people in the sphere of education and prosperity. The lower castes still lag behind in the field of education' That is why there is disproportionaRead more
It is correct to state that caste system has not disappeared completely as enumerated below:
(i) Lower caste people are still not at par with upper caste people in the sphere of education and prosperity. The lower castes still lag behind in the field of education’ That is why there is disproportionately large presence of ‘upper caste’ among the urban middle classes in our country.
(ii) caste still continues to be closely linked to economic status’ The average economic status of caste groups still follows the old hierarchy. i.e., the upper castes are best off, the Dalits and the Adivasi are worst off, with the backward classes once again in between’
(iii) In election too the caste plays a major role. The candidates are selected on the basis of caste in a constituency to attract voters of his caste.
Three reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below : (i) Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas. (ii) Economic developRead more
Three reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below :
(i) Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas.
(ii) Economic development: As a result of economic development, the economic condition of lower castes has improved. They live in the areas where people of upper castes are living in the cities.
(iii) occupational mobility : There is a shift from one occupation to another’ usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors’ This has helped in breaking the caste hierarchy.
(iv) Constitional provisions : The constitution of India too prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste. so we find people of different castes working together in offices.
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below : (i) Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals. (ii) Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced thRead more
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below :
(i) Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
(ii) Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation.
(iii) The members of a community used to marry within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups.
(iv) People of lower caste were subjected to inhuman and discriminatory treatment.
Sometime a caste of a person, becomes a curse for life for none of his fault. Thus caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste groups,. They were called untouchables’ That is why political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R’ Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products: (l) Advertisements: Advertisements appeared in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens. (ii) Labels: Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and aboutRead more
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products:
(l) Advertisements: Advertisements appeared in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens.
(ii) Labels: Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and about the quality of the product. If a buyer is familiar to the company and is confident about it, he will buy that product. Generally, a person buys a branded shirt or any other product because he knows that a particular company is a company of repute. So, labels do help in attracting consumers to buy a product.
(iii) Printing of calendars: Calendars are also printed to popularise the products. They are hung in tea shops, homes and other places. People see the calendars daily and slowly they are attracted towards that product.
(iv) Figures of important persons, emperors etc.: These figures are used to convey the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product too. If the royal person is using a product, its quality cannot be questioned. So, use of a royal figure popularise that product.
(v) Advertisement of nationalist message: In such advertisement, people are told that if you love your country then use that product. Such advertisements were used by Indian manufacturers. Thus, various ways were adopted to persuade people to buy new products.
This happened due to the following factors: (l) Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, MadrasRead more
This happened due to the following factors:
(l) Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. Some other small innovations helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.
(ii) Demand for finer varieties: These were bought by rich and their demand was stable than the coarse qualities because the rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
(iii) In addition to this, the mills could not imitate specialised weaves. For example, Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production. However the weavers and other crafts people who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.
The British manufacturers could not recapture their old position in the Indian markets after the First World War due to following reasons: (l) They were unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. (ii) The economy of Britain had crumbled after the war. (iii) Cotton production hadRead more
The British manufacturers could not recapture their old position in the Indian markets after the First World War due to following reasons:
(l) They were unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan.
(ii) The economy of Britain had crumbled after the war.
(iii) Cotton production had collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
(iv) Within the colonies, local industrialists had gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home markets.
(a) Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. As a result of this, Manchester imports i.e., goods produced in Manchester, into India declined. The demand in the home market could not be mRead more
(a) Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because the
British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. As a result of this,
Manchester imports i.e., goods produced in Manchester, into India declined. The demand in the home market could not be met by British imports. Thus, the Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs i.e., jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and other items. New factories were set up. Multiple shifts were run in the factories. A large number of new workers were employed and they were asked to work for extra-hours.
All this led to increase in industrial production during the First World War.
(b) Effects: (i) In Britain cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth fell dramatically.
(ii) As Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, British economy crumbled.
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were as given below: (i) During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth. (ii) Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. (iii) From 1906, ChineseRead more
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were as given below:
(i) During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth.
(ii) Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(iii) From 1906, Chinese market was flooded with Chinese and Japanese mill’s products. This resulted in decline of export of Indian yarn to China.
(b) Results: Indian industrialists shifted from yarn to cloth production. Thus, cotton piece-goods production in India doubted between 1900 and 1912.
Major Peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below: (l) European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India. (ii) These Agencies were interested in certain kinds of products. For example, they established tea and coffee plantations. They acquired land at cheap rateRead more
Major Peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below:
(l) European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India.
(ii) These Agencies were interested in certain kinds of products. For example, they established tea and coffee plantations. They acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government. They invested in mining, indigo and jute.
(iii) Their main object was export trade and not sale in India.
(iv) When Indians set up industries they avoided competition with Manchester goods in the Indian market. So, the early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric. This yarn was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.
(a) He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker. (b) (i) His main function was to get new recruits. (ii) He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs. (iii) He helped them settle in the city and provided theRead more
(a) He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker.
(b) (i) His main function was to get new recruits.
(ii) He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs.
(iii) He helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.
(iv) He was a person with some authority and power.
(v) He often began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. For example, Vasant Parkar, a millworker said, “The workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the mill.”
“Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India.” Cite any three examples to justify the statement’
It is correct to state that caste system has not disappeared completely as enumerated below: (i) Lower caste people are still not at par with upper caste people in the sphere of education and prosperity. The lower castes still lag behind in the field of education' That is why there is disproportionaRead more
It is correct to state that caste system has not disappeared completely as enumerated below:
See less(i) Lower caste people are still not at par with upper caste people in the sphere of education and prosperity. The lower castes still lag behind in the field of education’ That is why there is disproportionately large presence of ‘upper caste’ among the urban middle classes in our country.
(ii) caste still continues to be closely linked to economic status’ The average economic status of caste groups still follows the old hierarchy. i.e., the upper castes are best off, the Dalits and the Adivasi are worst off, with the backward classes once again in between’
(iii) In election too the caste plays a major role. The candidates are selected on the basis of caste in a constituency to attract voters of his caste.
Explain three reasons why caste hierarchy is breaking down in India.
Three reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below : (i) Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas. (ii) Economic developRead more
Three reasons for breaking down of caste hierarchy are as mentioned below :
See less(i) Urbanisation : In urban areas, people do not bother who is walking along next to us on a street or eating at the next table in a restaurant. There is a shift of population from rural to urban areas.
(ii) Economic development: As a result of economic development, the economic condition of lower castes has improved. They live in the areas where people of upper castes are living in the cities.
(iii) occupational mobility : There is a shift from one occupation to another’ usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors’ This has helped in breaking the caste hierarchy.
(iv) Constitional provisions : The constitution of India too prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste. so we find people of different castes working together in offices.
Describe main features of caste system in India.
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below : (i) Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals. (ii) Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced thRead more
The main features of caste system in India are as mentioned below :
See less(i) Caste division is special to India. It is different from other societies because here hereditary occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
(ii) Members of same caste group used to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation.
(iii) The members of a community used to marry within the caste group and did not eat with members from other caste groups.
(iv) People of lower caste were subjected to inhuman and discriminatory treatment.
Sometime a caste of a person, becomes a curse for life for none of his fault. Thus caste system was based on exclusion of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste groups,. They were called untouchables’ That is why political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R’ Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent
What steps were adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for their goods in the 19th century?
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products: (l) Advertisements: Advertisements appeared in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens. (ii) Labels: Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and aboutRead more
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products:
See less(l) Advertisements: Advertisements appeared in newspapers, magazines, hoardings, street walls, television screens.
(ii) Labels: Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and about the quality of the product. If a buyer is familiar to the company and is confident about it, he will buy that product. Generally, a person buys a branded shirt or any other product because he knows that a particular company is a company of repute. So, labels do help in attracting consumers to buy a product.
(iii) Printing of calendars: Calendars are also printed to popularise the products. They are hung in tea shops, homes and other places. People see the calendars daily and slowly they are attracted towards that product.
(iv) Figures of important persons, emperors etc.: These figures are used to convey the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product too. If the royal person is using a product, its quality cannot be questioned. So, use of a royal figure popularise that product.
(v) Advertisement of nationalist message: In such advertisement, people are told that if you love your country then use that product. Such advertisements were used by Indian manufacturers. Thus, various ways were adopted to persuade people to buy new products.
Give reasons why the handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester.
This happened due to the following factors: (l) Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, MadrasRead more
This happened due to the following factors:
See less(l) Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. Some other small innovations helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.
(ii) Demand for finer varieties: These were bought by rich and their demand was stable than the coarse qualities because the rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
(iii) In addition to this, the mills could not imitate specialised weaves. For example, Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production. However the weavers and other crafts people who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.
Why could the British manufacturers not recapture their old position in the Indian markets after the First World War?
The British manufacturers could not recapture their old position in the Indian markets after the First World War due to following reasons: (l) They were unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. (ii) The economy of Britain had crumbled after the war. (iii) Cotton production hadRead more
The British manufacturers could not recapture their old position in the Indian markets after the First World War due to following reasons:
See less(l) They were unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan.
(ii) The economy of Britain had crumbled after the war.
(iii) Cotton production had collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
(iv) Within the colonies, local industrialists had gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home markets.
How did industrial production in India increase during the First World War? Explain: What were its effects?
(a) Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. As a result of this, Manchester imports i.e., goods produced in Manchester, into India declined. The demand in the home market could not be mRead more
(a) Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because the
See lessBritish mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. As a result of this,
Manchester imports i.e., goods produced in Manchester, into India declined. The demand in the home market could not be met by British imports. Thus, the Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs i.e., jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and other items. New factories were set up. Multiple shifts were run in the factories. A large number of new workers were employed and they were asked to work for extra-hours.
All this led to increase in industrial production during the First World War.
(b) Effects: (i) In Britain cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth fell dramatically.
(ii) As Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, British economy crumbled.
How a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the 20th century?
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were as given below: (i) During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth. (ii) Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. (iii) From 1906, ChineseRead more
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were as given below:
See less(i) During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth.
(ii) Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(iii) From 1906, Chinese market was flooded with Chinese and Japanese mill’s products. This resulted in decline of export of Indian yarn to China.
(b) Results: Indian industrialists shifted from yarn to cloth production. Thus, cotton piece-goods production in India doubted between 1900 and 1912.
Describe major Peculiarities of industrial growth in India in the 19th century.
Major Peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below: (l) European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India. (ii) These Agencies were interested in certain kinds of products. For example, they established tea and coffee plantations. They acquired land at cheap rateRead more
Major Peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below:
See less(l) European Managing Agencies dominated industrial production in India.
(ii) These Agencies were interested in certain kinds of products. For example, they established tea and coffee plantations. They acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government. They invested in mining, indigo and jute.
(iii) Their main object was export trade and not sale in India.
(iv) When Indians set up industries they avoided competition with Manchester goods in the Indian market. So, the early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric. This yarn was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.
Who was a jobber? Describe his functions and position.
(a) He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker. (b) (i) His main function was to get new recruits. (ii) He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs. (iii) He helped them settle in the city and provided theRead more
(a) He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker.
See less(b) (i) His main function was to get new recruits.
(ii) He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs.
(iii) He helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.
(iv) He was a person with some authority and power.
(v) He often began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. For example, Vasant Parkar, a millworker said, “The workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the mill.”