(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below: (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers. (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 194Read more
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below:
(i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers.
(ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could not move into Sindh due to new boundaries between India and Pakistan. As a result of it they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. The fields get manure that the animals provide.
(ii) Rich pastoralists began buying land and settled down. They gave up their nomadic Iife. Some took up cultivation. Others took to more extensive trading.
(iv) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders. Some poor people lost theircattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass. (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of landRead more
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass.
(ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
(iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(v) The alternation of the monsoon and dry season defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement. In dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left w-hen the rains came because only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoons and other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau.
Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly shepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thornyRead more
Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly
shepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thorny scrubs. Only bajra could be sown here but in the monsoon the area became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October they shifted to Konkan because that was a flourishing agricultural tract high rainfall and rich soil. The Konkan peasants gave them supplies of rice. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the
stubble. With the onset of the monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau because the sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.
The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move theirRead more
The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move their herds and flocks to new areas. This continuous movement also allows the pasture to recover. It prevents their overuse too.
They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern marchRead more
They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter,
when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. They move in a Kafila. With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountainsides were lush green. The variety of grasses provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds. By end September they move again on their downward journey, back to their winter base. When the high mountains are covered with snow, the herds are grazed in the low hills.
(i) The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making. (ii) Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity forRead more
(i) The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
(ii) Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity for them, more access to land, resources and opportunities. But it may be mentioned here that politics based on caste identity is not beneficial for the success of democracy. It may lead to tensions, conflict and even violence. It may divert attention from more important issues like poverty and development that may be more harmful for the country.
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways: (i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it. (ii) In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalRead more
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways:
(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
(ii) In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalition with other castes or communities. They enter into a dialogue and negotiate in order to win the election. For example, in May 2002, BSP in UP entered into an agreement with BJP and formed a coalition government there.
(iii) ‘Backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups : Now new caste groups known as ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups have emerged in political field.
Thus, caste plays different roles in politics.
It is correct that caste alone cannot determine election results in India due to the following reasons : (i) There is no majority of any caste in a parliamentary constituency. Thus, every candidate has to win over votes of different castes to be successful in the elections. (ii) No party or candidatRead more
It is correct that caste alone cannot determine election results in India due to the following reasons :
(i) There is no majority of any caste in a parliamentary constituency. Thus, every candidate has to win over votes of different castes to be successful in the elections.
(ii) No party or candidate wins all the votes of a caste group because generally there are more than one candidate from the same caste. Caste based ‘vote bank’ implies that a particular party or candidate can secure maximum votes only.
(iii) Sometimes there are more than one candidate from the same caste. Thus, voters of the same caste get divided and vote for different candidates.
(iv) Castes and communities change their preferences. They do not stick to their own candidates. This has been proved by the defeat of the sitting MP or MLA in our country. Thus, it is clear that caste alone cannot determine election results in India. While caste plays an important role but other factors such as strong attachment to political parties, different interests of rich and poor in the same caste, performance of a sitting MLA or MP are often decisive factors in the election.
Caste is the sole basis of social community It can take various forms in politics as given below: (i) Selection of candidates: At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win eleRead more
Caste is the sole basis of social community It can take various forms in politics as given below:
(i) Selection of candidates: At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win elections.
(ii) Formation of governments: At the time of formation of government or council of Ministers, effort is made to have representatives from all castes and communities.
(iii)Appeal to voters: During election campaign appeals are made to voters to cast heir votes in favour of the candidate of their own caste’
(iv) To bring consciousness among the lower castes: Due to one-person-one-vote, political parties try to mobilise and Secure maximum support from the lower castes. These castes have now realised their importance and have become very about their votes and rights.
(v) Formation of political parties: The political parties such as DMK have been formed on the basis of caste.
Describe the various restrictions imposed on the pastoral groups in Africa from the late 19th century. What were its effects?
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups: (i) To live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience. (iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (v)Read more
(a) The following restrictions were imposed on the pastoral groups:
See less(i) To live within the confines of special reserves.
(ii) Not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
(iii) Severe punishments in case of disobedience.
(iv) Not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
(v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
(vi) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage people with whom all contact had to be minimised. Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists had to depend on black labour to bore mines, and build
roads and towns.
(b) These restrictions adversely affected their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier they looked after their animal herds as well as trade in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
How did the pastoralists cope with the changes made by the government?
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below: (i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers. (ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 194Read more
They coped with the changes in a variety of ways as given below:
See less(i) They reduced the number of cattie in their herds, since there was not enough pastureto feed large numbers.
(ii) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. For example, after 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas could not move into Sindh due to new boundaries between India and Pakistan. As a result of it they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. The fields get manure that the animals provide.
(ii) Rich pastoralists began buying land and settled down. They gave up their nomadic Iife. Some took up cultivation. Others took to more extensive trading.
(iv) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders. Some poor people lost theircattle and sheep and became labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
Describe the condition and movement of pastoralists in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass. (ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders. (iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. (iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of landRead more
(i) This region was the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass.
See less(ii) This is inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
(iii) The Gollas herded cattle, the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets.
(iv) They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds.
(v) The alternation of the monsoon and dry season defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement. In dry season, they moved to the coastal tracts and left w-hen the rains came because only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the coastal areas during the monsoons and other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau.
Write a short note on the pastoral community of Dhangars of Maharashtra.
Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly shepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thornyRead more
Their population in the early twentieth century was 4,67,000. They were mostly
See lessshepherds. Some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. They stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. The area was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil which was covered with thorny scrubs. Only bajra could be sown here but in the monsoon the area became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks. By October they shifted to Konkan because that was a flourishing agricultural tract high rainfall and rich soil. The Konkan peasants gave them supplies of rice. Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the
stubble. With the onset of the monsoon, the Dhangars left the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and returned to their settlements on the dry plateau because the sheep could not tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.
Why the pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for pastoral communities of the Himalayas?
The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move theirRead more
The pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pasture is essential for the pastoral communities of the Himalayas to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When the pasture get exhausted or become unusable in one place they move their herds and flocks to new areas. This continuous movement also allows the pasture to recover. It prevents their overuse too.
See lessWhen do the pastoralists in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh move from one place to another place?
They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter, when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern marchRead more
They move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. In winter,
See lesswhen the high mountains are covered with snow, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range. The dry scrub forests provide pastures for their herds. By the end of April they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds. They move in a Kafila. With the onset of summer, the snow melted and the mountainsides were lush green. The variety of grasses provided rich nutritious forage for the animal herds. By end September they move again on their downward journey, back to their winter base. When the high mountains are covered with snow, the herds are grazed in the low hills.
Describe the role of caste-politics in India.
(i) The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making. (ii) Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity forRead more
(i) The caste-politics in India has helped Dalits and OBCs to gain better access to decision making.
See less(ii) Several political and non-political organisations have come forward in support of particular castes. They have demanded to end discrimination against them. Their demands include more dignity for them, more access to land, resources and opportunities. But it may be mentioned here that politics based on caste identity is not beneficial for the success of democracy. It may lead to tensions, conflict and even violence. It may divert attention from more important issues like poverty and development that may be more harmful for the country.
Describe the ways.in which politics influence the caste system and caste identities.
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways: (i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it. (ii) In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalRead more
Politics influences the caste system and caste identities in the following ways:
See less(i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
(ii) In the age of coalition politics, various caste groups enter into a coalition with other castes or communities. They enter into a dialogue and negotiate in order to win the election. For example, in May 2002, BSP in UP entered into an agreement with BJP and formed a coalition government there.
(iii) ‘Backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups : Now new caste groups known as ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups have emerged in political field.
Thus, caste plays different roles in politics.
Is it correct that caste alone cannot determine election results in India ? Give reasons.
It is correct that caste alone cannot determine election results in India due to the following reasons : (i) There is no majority of any caste in a parliamentary constituency. Thus, every candidate has to win over votes of different castes to be successful in the elections. (ii) No party or candidatRead more
It is correct that caste alone cannot determine election results in India due to the following reasons :
See less(i) There is no majority of any caste in a parliamentary constituency. Thus, every candidate has to win over votes of different castes to be successful in the elections.
(ii) No party or candidate wins all the votes of a caste group because generally there are more than one candidate from the same caste. Caste based ‘vote bank’ implies that a particular party or candidate can secure maximum votes only.
(iii) Sometimes there are more than one candidate from the same caste. Thus, voters of the same caste get divided and vote for different candidates.
(iv) Castes and communities change their preferences. They do not stick to their own candidates. This has been proved by the defeat of the sitting MP or MLA in our country. Thus, it is clear that caste alone cannot determine election results in India. While caste plays an important role but other factors such as strong attachment to political parties, different interests of rich and poor in the same caste, performance of a sitting MLA or MP are often decisive factors in the election.
Describe three forms of caste politics in India.
Caste is the sole basis of social community It can take various forms in politics as given below: (i) Selection of candidates: At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win eleRead more
Caste is the sole basis of social community It can take various forms in politics as given below:
See less(i) Selection of candidates: At the time of election, political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste of the voters in a constituency so that they may muster necessary support to win elections.
(ii) Formation of governments: At the time of formation of government or council of Ministers, effort is made to have representatives from all castes and communities.
(iii)Appeal to voters: During election campaign appeals are made to voters to cast heir votes in favour of the candidate of their own caste’
(iv) To bring consciousness among the lower castes: Due to one-person-one-vote, political parties try to mobilise and Secure maximum support from the lower castes. These castes have now realised their importance and have become very about their votes and rights.
(v) Formation of political parties: The political parties such as DMK have been formed on the basis of caste.