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  1. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq initiated state-sponsored irrigation and public-works, including early canal construction projects designed to improve agriculture and supply lines. While later rulers, especially Firoz Shah Tughlaq, greatly expanded canal networks and repaired extensive waterways, Ghiyasuddin’sRead more

    Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq initiated state-sponsored irrigation and public-works, including early canal construction projects designed to improve agriculture and supply lines. While later rulers, especially Firoz Shah Tughlaq, greatly expanded canal networks and repaired extensive waterways, Ghiyasuddin’s initiatives mark the first systematic royal engagement with canal building in the Sultanate period — inaugurating an administrative concern with irrigation that successive rulers developed further.

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  2. Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316) undertook significant construction in Delhi, including the building of the Siri Fort — a major defensive enclosure — and grand palace structures (referred to in chronicles as the Hazar Satoon or Thousand-Pillared Palace). These works reflected his desire to secure andRead more

    Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316) undertook significant construction in Delhi, including the building of the Siri Fort — a major defensive enclosure — and grand palace structures (referred to in chronicles as the Hazar Satoon or Thousand-Pillared Palace). These works reflected his desire to secure and monumentalise the capital, providing defensive strength and courtly grandeur. The ruins and archaeological traces in the area correspond to the extensive public and military architecture financed during his reign.

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  3. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (founder of the Tughlaq dynasty) is associated in some medieval chroniclers with a policy style termed Rasm-e-Miyan (the middle or moderate way) and Tariq-e-Itdal (the Sultan’s balanced way). These phrases indicate his preference for practical, moderate revenue measures designedRead more

    Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (founder of the Tughlaq dynasty) is associated in some medieval chroniclers with a policy style termed Rasm-e-Miyan (the middle or moderate way) and Tariq-e-Itdal (the Sultan’s balanced way). These phrases indicate his preference for practical, moderate revenue measures designed to encourage cultivation while ensuring steady state income. Rather than harsh exactions or overly lax policies, this approach sought equilibrium in revenue extraction that would sustain the treasury without undermining agrarian productivity, marking a pragmatic administrative stance in the early Tughlaq period.

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  4. The chronicled account recounts an accident at the royal camp or palace in which a wooden reception hall collapsed, killing Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (founder of the Tughlaq dynasty). This sudden death plunged the court into turmoil and paved the way for his son Jauna Khan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) to ascendRead more

    The chronicled account recounts an accident at the royal camp or palace in which a wooden reception hall collapsed, killing Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (founder of the Tughlaq dynasty). This sudden death plunged the court into turmoil and paved the way for his son Jauna Khan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) to ascend the throne. The incident is part of the narrative of the early Tughlaq succession and is often cited as the proximate event that changed the dynasty’s leadership.

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  5. The Sara-e-Adl was a separate, specialized market established by Sultan Alauddin Khalji primarily for the sale of textiles and imported goods. Unlike the Mandi (grain market), the Sara-e-Adl controlled the prices of valuable commodities, including fine cloths, sugar, and dry fruits. The Sultan enforRead more

    The Sara-e-Adl was a separate, specialized market established by Sultan Alauddin Khalji primarily for the sale of textiles and imported goods. Unlike the Mandi (grain market), the Sara-e-Adl controlled the prices of valuable commodities, including fine cloths, sugar, and dry fruits. The Sultan enforced strict regulations and provided subsidies to merchants (like the Multanis) to ensure these goods were sold at fixed, low rates, which was essential for maintaining his large standing army cheaply.

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