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Who called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ and a ‘daring bandit’? (A) Aurangzeb (B) Jai Singh (C) Afzal Khan (D) None of these
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb frequently and contemptuously referred to Shivaji as a 'mountain rat' (pahari chuha) or a 'daring bandit'. These names were an expression of Aurangzeb's profound frustration. Shivaji’s mastery of Bargigiri allowed him to launch lightning raids and ambushes from his mountRead more
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb frequently and contemptuously referred to Shivaji as a ‘mountain rat’ (pahari chuha) or a ‘daring bandit’. These names were an expression of Aurangzeb’s profound frustration. Shivaji’s mastery of Bargigiri allowed him to launch lightning raids and ambushes from his mountain forts, neutralizing the massive Mughal army’s strengths. The persistent use of such terms in Mughal court records underscores the Mughal inability to deal effectively with the innovative Maratha guerrilla warfare.
See lessWhat was the meaning of ‘Sar-e-Naubat’?
The 'Sar-e-Naubat' (literally, Chief of the Military or Senapati) was the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces in Shivaji's Ashtapradhan. This minister was responsible for the overall organization, maintenance and deployment of the army, including both cavalry (Paga) and infantry. Although a key mRead more
The ‘Sar-e-Naubat’ (literally, Chief of the Military or Senapati) was the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces in Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan. This minister was responsible for the overall organization, maintenance and deployment of the army, including both cavalry (Paga) and infantry. Although a key ministerial post, the Sar-e-Naubat‘s power was deliberately limited to military affairs, ensuring the separation of civil and military authority, which was a hallmark of Shivaji’s administrative system.
See lessWhich of the following is true regarding Shivaji’s land revenue system?
All of the above statements are true concerning Shivaji’s progressive land revenue system. The system was based on actual measurement, for which he introduced the use of measuring rods and standard sticks. He followed the Ryotwari system, dealing directly with the cultivators and largely suppressingRead more
All of the above statements are true concerning Shivaji’s progressive land revenue system. The system was based on actual measurement, for which he introduced the use of measuring rods and standard sticks. He followed the Ryotwari system, dealing directly with the cultivators and largely suppressing the intermediaries. The initial revenue rate was 33%, which was scientifically assessed and later increased to 40% to meet the rising costs of the state, ensuring both fairness to the peasant and a reliable income for the state.
See less‘Chauth’ was one-fourth (25%) of the land revenue of Mughal territories and neighboring states. Which dynasty’s rulers collected this tax?
The Maratha dynasty collected 'Chauth', which constituted one-fourth (25%) of the land revenue. This tax was a strategic and economic tool: it was collected from adjacent Mughal territories and Deccan states in exchange for a Maratha guarantee of protection from internal disturbances and external raRead more
The Maratha dynasty collected ‘Chauth’, which constituted one-fourth (25%) of the land revenue. This tax was a strategic and economic tool: it was collected from adjacent Mughal territories and Deccan states in exchange for a Maratha guarantee of protection from internal disturbances and external raids. The collection of Chauth formalized the Marathas’ role as power brokers in the Deccan and beyond, demonstrating their ability to dictate terms even outside their formal borders.
See lessShivaji collected ‘Sardeshmukhi’ on the basis that he was the hereditary ‘Sardeshmukh’ (chief headman) of Maharashtra. What percentage of the revenue did ‘Sardeshmukhi’ constitute?
'Sardeshmukhi' was an additional levy, constituting 10% of the land revenue, collected by Shivaji and his successors. This levy was based on the assertion that the Maratha ruler was the hereditary Sardeshmukh of the entire Deccan. Unlike Chauth, which was military protection money, Sardeshmukhi wasRead more
‘Sardeshmukhi’ was an additional levy, constituting 10% of the land revenue, collected by Shivaji and his successors. This levy was based on the assertion that the Maratha ruler was the hereditary Sardeshmukh of the entire Deccan. Unlike Chauth, which was military protection money, Sardeshmukhi was a claim of sovereign or proprietary right over the land. Its collection was a bold and direct challenge to the territorial sovereignty of the Mughal Emperor.
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