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  1. Firoz Shah Tughlaq is remembered for establishing the Diwan-e-Khairat, a special charitable department designed to aid widows orphans, the destitute and unmarried girls. He believed rulers had a moral obligation to assist vulnerable groups and therefore institutionalized charity through a structuredRead more

    Firoz Shah Tughlaq is remembered for establishing the Diwan-e-Khairat, a special charitable department designed to aid widows orphans, the destitute and unmarried girls. He believed rulers had a moral obligation to assist vulnerable groups and therefore institutionalized charity through a structured system. The department provided dowries, food, clothing and financial support. Firoz Shah’s emphasis on welfare programs set him apart from earlier Sultans, as he invested heavily in public works, hospitals, gardens and canals. Diwan-e-Khairat symbolized his commitment to a compassionate and more humane style of governance, integrating philanthropy with state administration.

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  2. Humayun’s Tomb, constructed in the mid-16th century by Akbar, reflects a perfect blend of Persian and Indian architectural elements. Designed by Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, it introduced the double dome, high central chamber, charbagh garden layout and red sandstone façade with white marblRead more

    Humayun’s Tomb, constructed in the mid-16th century by Akbar, reflects a perfect blend of Persian and Indian architectural elements. Designed by Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, it introduced the double dome, high central chamber, charbagh garden layout and red sandstone façade with white marble inlays—features that later became hallmarks of Mughal architecture. Indian artisans contributed local craftsmanship ornamental patterns and intricate lattice work, enriching the monument visually. As the first grand garden-tomb in India, it marked a major transition toward the refined Mughal architectural style that culminated in masterpieces like the Taj Mahal.

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  3. During his reign, "Alauddin Khalji" achieved great military and political success and began to see himself as capable of creating a new religious order. Influenced by the model of the Prophet Muhammad and the four Rashidun caliphs, he imagined that, with the help of his four trusted Khans, he couldRead more

    During his reign, “Alauddin Khalji” achieved great military and political success and began to see himself as capable of creating a new religious order. Influenced by the model of the Prophet Muhammad and the four Rashidun caliphs, he imagined that, with the help of his four trusted Khans, he could establish a new faith or at least a new religious system supporting his absolute authority. The Ulema and senior nobles, especially Alaul Mulk, firmly opposed this, insisting that religion must rest on divine revelation and warning that people would revolt. As a result, Alauddin dropped the idea.

     

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  4. Ghiyasuddin Balban originally a Turkish slave, rose through the ranks of the Delhi Sultanate to become one of its most powerful rulers. His full regal title, Ghiyasuddin Balban, symbolized his authority and legitimacy as Sultan. After serving loyally under Iltutmish and holding key positions such asRead more

    Ghiyasuddin Balban originally a Turkish slave, rose through the ranks of the Delhi Sultanate to become one of its most powerful rulers. His full regal title, Ghiyasuddin Balban, symbolized his authority and legitimacy as Sultan. After serving loyally under Iltutmish and holding key positions such as Naib-e-Mamlakat, he ascended the throne and implemented stern measures to restore law and order. His policies stressed monarchy, discipline and the exaltation of kingship. Balban also introduced rigorous court etiquette and suppressed rebellions ruthlessly, thereby strengthening central authority. His reign marked a turning point in the Sultanate, emphasizing strong, centralized rule.

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  5. The historian Badayuni’s remark reflects the troubled reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, whose ambitious yet poorly executed policies brought chaos to the Delhi Sultanate. His forced transfer of population to Daulatabad, introduction of token currency, harsh taxation and constant experiments severely stRead more

    The historian Badayuni’s remark reflects the troubled reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, whose ambitious yet poorly executed policies brought chaos to the Delhi Sultanate. His forced transfer of population to Daulatabad, introduction of token currency, harsh taxation and constant experiments severely strained the people. Rebellions erupted across the empire and administrative confusion became widespread. His intellect was unquestionable, but his lack of practicality created deep resentment. When he died, both the ruler and the ruled were considered “liberated”—the people from oppression and instability and the king from constant rebellion and administrative failures. His death symbolized the end of a turbulent chapter.

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