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Black holes in orbit around a normal star are detected from
Black holes are regions in space where gravity is so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape their pull. Formed from collapsed massive stars, they have an event horizon marking the point of no return. Black holes significantly affect surrounding matter and spacetime, offering insights into gravity and the universe.
Class 11 Physics Chapter 10 Thermal Properties of Matter focuses on the study of heat transfer and its effects on materials. It covers conduction, convection and radiation, thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, and the concept of latent heat. These principles are crucial for CBSE Exam 2024-25.
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Black holes orbiting normal stars are observed in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum because of a process called accretion. Here is how it works in detail:
1. Matter Transfer from the Star:
In a binary system in which a black hole orbits a normal star, the intense gravitational force exerted by the black hole could strip away material from its companion star. This is very common in systems where the star expands or the two stars are close enough for a large outer layer to be pulled into the black hole.
2. Accretion Disk Formation:
Since matter drawn from the star does not collapse directly inside a black hole, but instead begins spiraling because of angular momentum, it can eventually form an incredibly dense, hot **accretion disk.**
3. Heating of the Accretion Disk:
As the gas in the accretion disk spirals closer to the black hole, it gets compressed and heated up to millions of degrees Kelvin. At such incredibly high temperatures, the gas radiates electromagnetic waves.
4. Emission in the X-ray Region:
This radiation peaks in the X-ray region of the spectrum, since temperatures are high enough to excite particles to X-ray energies. X-rays can escape the black hole’s neighborhood and be observed by telescopes built to see high-energy radiation.
5. Why Not Other Regions?
– Visible Region: The radiation of the accretion disk in the visible range is rather weak and can be overpowered by the light of the star itself.
– Microwave Region: The disk emits little radiation in the low-energy microwave range.
– Gamma-Ray Region: Gamma rays are produced in less frequent, more energetic events like jets or near collisions with black holes but do not make up the dominant region in normal binary systems.
Conclusion:
The presence of X-rays in binary systems provides strong evidence of a black hole because normal stars and most stellar phenomena do not emit such intense X-rays. Observatories like Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton specialize in detecting these X-rays to study black holes.
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