How does Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explain the metal-ligand bond, and what is considered in this electrostatic model?

Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explains the metal-ligand bond as an electrostatic model, focusing on the interaction between metal ions and ligands. In CFT, ligands are treated as point charges or dipoles. The theory considers the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged ligands and the electrons in the metal’s d orbitals. In an octahedral coordination environment, this interaction leads to the splitting of the degenerate d orbitals into lower-energy t₂g and higher-energy eg sets. The magnitude of this crystal field splitting (∆₀) determines the electronic structure, bonding, and properties of coordination compounds according to CFT principles.