The Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored monarchies, redrew European boundaries, strengthened states around France, returned the Bourbon dynasty and established a conservative order to maintain peace and stability.
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The Great Depression sharply reduced global demand, causing Indian agricultural prices to crash. Farmers faced falling incomes, rising debt and forced exports. Urban workers lost jobs, while poverty deepened. Social unrest increased as economic hardship affected communities across colonial India.
Napoleon, though a monarch, spread nationalist and revolutionary ideals across Europe. His Napoleonic Code of 1804 abolished privileges by birth, ensured equality before law, protected property rights, ended feudalism, simplified administration and introduced uniform laws, weights and measures to promote ...
After the 1949 revolution, China entered the global economy, attracting foreign MNCs with its low economic costs. Its vast population created a huge consumer market and low wages made it a preferred destination for global manufacturing and trade.
The discovery of America transformed global trade and history: Precious metals like gold and silver from America enriched European economies. New crops such as maize and potatoes spread worldwide, improving nutrition and increasing population growth.