Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced the department ‘Amir Kohi’ to improve agriculture and increase state revenue. This department encouraged cultivation of fallow lands, offered loans (taccavi) to farmers and promoted irrigation works. Though well-intentioned, many schemes suffered due to poor implementation ...
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The Khalisa land or crown land, developed significantly under Sultan Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316). He expanded it by confiscating nobles’ grants and abolishing Iqtas in the fertile Doab region. This centralization provided a massive, direct revenue base for his large standing ...
Tughlaqnama was written by the celebrated poet and court scholar Amir Khusro during the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. It narrates the Sultan’s rise, his early conquests and the establishment of the Tughlaq dynasty. Written in Persian poetic style, the work ...
Zafar Khan was one of Alauddin Khalji’s most courageous generals, known for his aggressive tactics against Mongol invasions. He died heroically in the Battle of Kili (1299), where he attacked the Mongol forces without waiting for royal orders. His bravery ...
Taxes directly levied on agricultural produce included Kharaj, Umar Muktai and Muktai. Kharaj was the primary land tax imposed on non-Muslims. Umar Muktai and Muktai were additional forms of agrarian taxation. Khums, however, was a religious tax on war booty, ...