The fraction of the rectangle covered by n identical tangent circles in a row is always constant at π / 4 approximately 11/14 (or 78.5%) regardless of whether n equals 10, 20 or 50.
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Each circle of diameter d sits in a square cell of area d². The ratio of circle area to each cell is (π / 4)d² / d² = π / 4. Both figures have covered fraction π / 4 approximately ...
For Fig. 6.43, sides are divided into halves and thirds; subtracting unshaded triangles leaves 7/18 of the total area. For Fig. 6.44, midpoints of the square sides produce the classic inner square of area 1/5.
Scaling linear dimensions by factor k increases area by k²: 2² = 4 and 3² = 9. Yes, in each case exactly 4 or 9 congruent copies tile and perfectly fit into the scaled figure without gaps.
Diagonals d1 and d2 cross perpendicularly. (i) Algebraically, the kite splits into two triangles on base d1 with heights summing to d2, giving area (1/2)d1d2. (ii) Geometrically, enclosing it in a d1 x d2 rectangle doubles its area.