Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas?

In ancient Indian ganas or assemblies, certain groups were excluded from participation based on
social and hierarchical norms. The Vedic ganas had a stratified social structure, and exclusionary
practices were evident:

1. Shudras: The Shudras, considered the lowest in the traditional varna system, were often excluded
from active participation in political assemblies. Their primary societal role was associated with
service and manual labor.

2. Women: In many ancient Indian societies, women were often excluded or had limited participation
in political assemblies. The patriarchal nature of these societies relegated women to domestic roles
rather than active involvement in governance.

3. Certain Occupational Groups: Individuals engaged in certain occupations, especially those deemed
ritually impure or polluting, might have faced exclusion. The varna system often restricted those
involved in activities like leatherwork or butchery from participating in higher social and political
functions.

These exclusions reflected the social hierarchy and norms prevalent in ancient Indian society, defining
who could actively engage in the political processes within the ganas.