Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind is widely regarded as the most detailed and objective account of 11th-century India. Written after years of study, the book presents an extensive description of Indian religion, caste structure, customs, astronomy, mathematics, geography, education, literature and philosophical traditions. Alberuni compared Indian knowledge with Greek and Islamic ideas, maintaining a neutral, scientific tone rare for medieval writers. Because it reflects India’s intellectual and socio-cultural world so accurately, historians call it the “mirror of 11th-century India.” It is still considered one of the finest ethnographic works on early medieval Indian civilization.