Which factor transformed the Peshwa from a royal minister into the de facto head of the Maratha state?
The transformation of the Peshwaship occurred as the office became “hereditary” starting with the family of Balaji Vishwanath. By gaining direct control over the state’s finances and the most powerful military contingents, the Peshwas marginalized the Chhatrapati. The Chhatrapati became a symbolic figurehead at Satara, while the Peshwa in Pune wielded the actual executive, financial and military power. ANSWER: (C) Hereditary control over revenue and army
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Under the reign of Shahu Maharaj, the complexities of managing a growing empire led to the centralization of power in the office of the Peshwa. Balaji Vishwanath and his son Bajirao I successfully brought the “Saranjamdars” (military chiefs) under their influence. By controlling the collection of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi, the Peshwas became the empire’s chief financiers. The loyalty of the army shifted toward the Peshwa, who led them in battle, rather than the secluded Chhatrapati. This shift was formalized by the Sangola Treaty, which officially recognized the Peshwa as the supreme administrative authority of the Maratha state.