Surface waves are the final waves to arrive at a seismograph station but are the most significant in terms of impact. They are divided into Love waves, which move the ground side-to-side and Rayleigh waves, which move the ground in a rolling, circular motion similar to ocean waves. Because their energy is concentrated on the surface rather than being spread through the Earth’s volume, they do not dissipate as quickly as body waves. This makes them responsible for the most catastrophic damage to buildings, roads and bridges during an earthquake, as they create complex, high-amplitude horizontal and vertical displacements.