A short circuit occurs when a low-resistance path is created, allowing current to flow along an unintended route with minimal or no impedance. This often happens when live (hot) and neutral wires come into direct contact or when a conducting material bridges the two. Short circuits can result from damaged insulation, faulty wiring, or malfunctioning appliances. They cause a sudden surge in current, triggering protective devices like fuses or circuit breakers. The intense current flow generates heat, potentially leading to fire hazards. Proper insulation, regular maintenance, and correct wiring practices are crucial to prevent short circuits in electrical systems.