In F2 progeny resulting from self-pollination of F1 plants, new combinations of traits emerge. Some are tall with wrinkled seeds, some are short with round seeds, and others show the original traits. This suggests independent inheritance of the tall/short and round seed/wrinkled seed traits.
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When F1 progeny are self-pollinated to generate F2 progeny, the offspring exhibit a phenotypic ratio determined by Mendel’s laws of inheritance. The F1 generation, with uniform dominant traits, carries both dominant and recessive alleles. In the F2 generation, a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 is observed. Three-quarters of the offspring express the dominant trait, while one-quarter expresses the recessive trait. This outcome reflects the segregation of alleles during gamete formation, as well as their independent assortment. Mendel’s experiments revealed the predictable patterns of inheritance, highlighting the principles of dominance and segregation.