In the absence of oxygen in muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, leading to the build-up of lactic acid, which causes muscle cramps during sudden activity.
What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is lacking in muscle cells, and what is the consequence?
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In muscle cells lacking oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation. Specifically, it is converted into lactic acid through lactic acid fermentation. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic pathway. The consequence is the temporary production of ATP without the need for oxygen. While lactic acid can accumulate, leading to muscle fatigue and soreness, it serves as a rapid means of energy production during intense physical activity when oxygen is limited. Once oxygen becomes available, accumulated lactic acid can be further oxidized in the mitochondria, reducing muscle fatigue and contributing to recovery.