The variation in ionization enthalpy for dⁿ configuration is influenced by the attraction of electrons towards the nucleus, repulsion between electrons, and exchange energy. Exchange energy, proportional to the number of possible pairs of parallel spins, increases stability by following Hund’s rule, making ionization more difficult.
What factors contribute to the variation in ionization enthalpy for an electronic configuration dⁿ, and how does exchange energy influence stability?
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The variation in ionization enthalpy for an electronic configuration dⁿ is influenced by the attraction of each electron towards the nucleus, repulsion between electrons, and exchange energy. Exchange energy plays a crucial role in stabilizing energy states and is approximately proportional to the total number of possible pairs of parallel spins in degenerate orbitals. According to Hund’s rule, the lowest energy state corresponds to the maximum extent of single occupation of orbitals with parallel spins, minimizing loss of exchange energy and increasing stability. As stability increases, ionization becomes more difficult, affecting the trend in ionization enthalpy for dⁿ configurations.