What are “push” and “pull” factors in migrations in rural areas in India? what are its effects?

(a) In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas because of the
“push” factor in rural areas. These are adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas and the “pull” of the city in terms of increased employment opportunities and better living conditions.
(b) Effects ; The rural-urban migration 1.e., migration of people from rural areas to urban areas has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 27.78 per cent in 2001. There has been a significant increase in the number of ‘million plus cities’ from 23 to 35 in just one decade i.e.,1991 to 2001.