In ore extraction, gangue materials refer to the minerals or rocks that surround and are mixed with the valuable ore minerals. These materials have little or no economic value and are considered waste. During the mining and processing of ores, gangue is separated from the ore to obtain the desired metal or mineral. Common gangue materials include quartz, calcite, and various silicates. Effective separation of gangue from the ore is crucial in mineral processing to maximize the recovery of valuable minerals and minimize the environmental impact of extracting and processing large volumes of non-valuable materials.