The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska (Katmai National Park) became world-famous for its thousands of fumaroles—vents in the Earth’s crust that emit steam and volcanic gases. These were created following the massive 1912 eruption of Novarupta, which buried the valley in thick ash that continued to “smoke” for decades as it cooled. ANSWER: (B) Fumaroles
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In volcanic geography, a fumarole is a late-stage volcanic feature. The 1912 Katmai eruption was the largest of the 20th century, covering the valley floor in 100 meters of hot ash. Groundwater seeping into this ash was turned into steam, bursting through the surface in thousands of “smokes.” While most have cooled today, the area remains a primary site for studying pyroclastic flows. Geographically, this valley demonstrates the long-term thermal energy retained by mountain landscapes following a catastrophic volcanic event and it highlights the difference between liquid lava features and gaseous volcanic emissions.
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