The first split in the Congress occurred at the Surat session in 1907. When did the second split occur?
The second split in the Indian National Congress occurred at a special session held in Mumbai in August 1918. This split happened over the differences regarding the Montagu-Chelmsford reform proposals. Moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjee supported the reforms, while the Extremists and younger leaders rejected them as “disappointing and unsatisfactory.” This led to the Moderates leaving the Congress to form the National Liberal Federation. ANSWER: (A) Mumbai, 1918
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The 1918 Mumbai session was a turning point as it cleared the path for the dominance of the “pro-Gandhi” faction within the Congress. The Moderates, who had dominated the party since its inception in 1885, felt that the party was becoming too radical and populist. Their departure effectively ended the Moderate-Extremist era and ushered in the “Gandhian Era” of mass politics. By the time of the 1920 Nagpur session, the Congress had been transformed into a revolutionary mass organization, unified under Gandhi’s leadership for the upcoming Non-Cooperation Movement.