The Battle of Vaihind (1008–09) was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpal, the Hindu Shahi ruler. Anandpal organized several Rajput chiefs to resist Mahmud’s advance, but internal disunity weakened the confederacy. Mahmud’s superior cavalry and tactics led to his victory, paving the way for further Ghaznavid invasions into northwestern India. ANSWER: (A) Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpal
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Mahmud Ghaznavi’s famous Battle of Vaihind (also known as the Battle of Peshawar) took place in 1008–09 CE against Anandpal, son of Jaipal, of the Hindu Shahi dynasty. Anandpal attempted to form a united front of various Rajput chiefs to stop Mahmud’s expansionist raids. Although the Indian forces initially fought with determination, internal disputes and lack of coordinated strategy crippled their resistance. Mahmud’s disciplined cavalry, superior military organization and effective battlefield tactics ensured a decisive victory. This battle significantly weakened the Hindu Shahi kingdom and opened the route for Mahmud’s further expeditions into the Indian subcontinent.