Locate Mathura and Ujjayini along northern river routes, Pataliputra, Rajgriha and Vikramshila across the Gangetic belt of Bihar, Nashik in the western Deccan and Kanchipuram in southeastern Tamil Nadu.
Mark and locate on the map of India the following important centres: Pataliputra, Nashik, Ujjayini, Vikramshila, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Rajgriha.
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(i) Gangetic centers: Pataliputra, Rajgriha and Vikramshila are situated across modern-day Bihar along fertile river valleys, serving as major imperial capitals and higher learning universities. (ii) Northern and central trade hubs: Mathura lies along the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh, while Ujjayini is located in Madhya Pradesh along the Malwa route. (iii) Deccan and southern hubs: Nashik is situated in Maharashtra near western trade caves, whereas Kanchipuram lies in northern Tamil Nadu.
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