1. Physical Changes:
– Development of secondary sexual characteristics: Breast development in girls; growth of facial, underarm, and pubic hair in boys and girls.
– Growth spurt: Rapid increase in height and weight.
– Alterations in body shape: Girls experience wider hips, while boys experience broader shoulders.
– Maturation of genitals: Enlargement of testes and penis in boys; growth of the uterus and vagina in girls.
– Voice changes: Boys experience a deepening voice due to the growth of the larynx (Adam’s apple).
– Skin changes: Increased oil production leading to acne; heightened sweat production causing body odor.

2. Emotional and Psychological Changes:
– Mood swings and heightened emotional sensitivity.
– Increased curiosity and interest in relationships and sexuality.
– Growing need for independence and self-identity exploration.
– Advancements in cognitive abilities and thought processes.

These changes are primarily triggered by hormonal shifts, particularly the release of estrogen and testosterone, signifying the transition from childhood to adulthood.