Following the 1920 formation in Tashkent by M.N. Roy and Abani Mukherji, the communist movement began organizing within India. In 1921, the first communist groups began to surface in cities like Calcutta and Bombay. The British government viewed the rise of communism as a major threat, leading to the Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases to suppress its leaders. Despite this repression, the CPI provided a socialist perspective to the independence movement, advocating for total independence (Purna Swaraj) long before it became the official goal of the Indian National Congress in 1929.