Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, was a contemporary of Mughal emperor Jahangir. During Jahangir’s early reign, tensions rose because of Guru Arjan’s growing influence. He was eventually executed in 1606, an event that deeply affected Sikh–Mughal relations and marked a turning point in Sikh history. Answer: (D) Jahangir
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Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru of Sikhism, lived during the reign of Emperor Jahangir. His leadership saw the compilation of the Adi Granth and the strengthening of Sikh institutions. However, his increasing popularity and political influence made the Mughal administration uneasy. Jahangir viewed the Sikh community as a potential threat, particularly due to their support for Khusrau, Jahangir’s rebellious son. As a result, Guru Arjan Dev was arrested, tortured and executed in 1606. His martyrdom marked a major turning point, leading the Sikh community toward militarization under Guru Hargobind, shaping the future course of Sikh resistance and identity.