Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the groups of people Shifting cultivators.

Impact of Colonial Forest Management on Shifting Cultivators:
1. Introduction of Forest Policies: Colonial forest policies restricted access to forest lands crucial for shifting cultivators.
2. Enclosure of Forests: Forest laws led to the enclosure of forests, disrupting the cultivators’ traditional access for agriculture.
3. Expansion of Commercial Forestry: Colonial powers promoted commercial forestry, encroaching on shifting cultivators’ lands and displacing them.
4. Land Alienation and Displacement: Enforcement of forest policies and commercial projects led to the alienation of cultivators’ lands, displacing them from their traditional spaces.
5. Criminalization of Practices: Traditional shifting cultivation, labeled as destructive, marginalized these groups, leading to conflicts and loss of resources.

These colonial changes adversely affected shifting cultivators, undermining their livelihoods and disrupting their sustainable agricultural practices, favoring commercial interests over the well-being of indigenous communities.