Differentiate between the following: (a) Diffusion and Osmosis (b) Transpiration and Evaporation (c) Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Potential (d) Imbibition and Diffusion (e) Apoplast and Symplast pathways of movement of water in plants. (f) Guttation and Transpiration.

(a) Diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion:-
1. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles, ions, and molecules along the concentration gradient.
2. It can occur in solids, liquids, and gases.
3. It does not require a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis:-
1. Osmosis is the process in which the diffusion of a solvent (water) occurs across a semi-permeable membrane.
2. It occurs in the liquid medium.
3. It requires a semi-permeable membrane.

(b) Transpiration and evaporation
Transpiration:-
1. It occurs in plants.
2. It is a physiological process.
3. It occurs mainly through the stomatal pores on plant leaves.
4. It is controlled by environmental factors as well as physiological factors of plants such as root-shoot ratio and number of stomata.
Evaporation:-
1. It occurs from any free surface and involves living and non-living surfaces.
2. It is a physical process.
3. It is occurs through any free surface.
4. It is entirely driven by environmental factors.

(c) Osmotic pressure and osmotic potential
Osmotic pressure:-
1. It is expressed in bars with a positive sign.
2. It is a positive pressure.
3. Its value increases with an increase in the concentration of solute particles.
Osmotic potential:-
1. It is expressed in bars with a negative sign.
2. It is a negative pressure.
3. Its value decreases with an increase in the concentration of solute particles.

(d) Imbibition and diffusion
Imbibition:-
1.Imbibition is a special type of diffusion. In this process, water is absorbed by solids and colloids, causing an enormous increase in volume.
2.It usually involves water.
Diffusion:-
1. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles, ions, and molecules along the concentration gradient.
2. It involves solids, liquids, and gases.

(e) Apoplast and symplast pathways of movement of water in plants
Apoplast pathway:-
1. The apoplast pathway involves the movement of water through the adjacent cell walls of the epidermis and cortex. The movement of water is restricted at the casparian strips of the root endodermis.
2. It is a faster process of water movement and water moves through mass flow.
Symplast pathway:-
1.The symplast pathway involves the movement of water through the interconnected protoplasts of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and root pericycle.
2. It is a slower process of water movement.

(f) Guttation and transpiration
Guttation:-
1. It occurs usually at night.
2. Water is lost from the leaves in the form of liquid droplets.
3. It occurs through the vein endings of leaves.
4. It is an uncontrolled process.
Transpiration:-
1. It occurs usually during the day.
2. Water is lost from the leaves in the form of water vapour.
3. It occurs through the stomata.
4. It is a controlled process.

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