Alberuni visited India during Mahmud Ghaznavi’s rule. A brilliant scholar, he accompanied Mahmud’s campaigns and studied Indian culture, religion, mathematics and sciences. His work Kitab-ul-Hind provides an objective and detailed description of India in the early 11th century. Alberuni’s writings ...
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Bakhtiyar Khilji was Ghori’s most dynamic general who conquered Bihar and Bengal between 1202–05. He destroyed Buddhist monasteries like Nalanda and then marched into Assam in 1206. His swift conquests expanded Ghurid influence deep into eastern India. His military success ...
All three statements are correct. Alauddin Khalji fixed the prices of grains and essential commodities to make soldier salaries effective. He introduced cash payments to soldiers, eliminating dependence on jagir officials. He also increased land revenue assessment to half the ...
According to Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind (or Tahqiq-i-Hind) in the 11th century, the Antyaj (classes below the Chaturvarna as Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) included both categories. They encompassed laborers and craftsmen involved in ‘unclean’ trades like washermen, cobblers, weavers, and shield-makers ...
Mubarak Shah Khalji of the Khalji Dynasty declared himself the Caliph, claiming supreme religious and political authority. This was unusual because Indian Sultans usually sought legitimacy from the Abbasid Caliphs. Mubarak Shah’s proclamation reflected his ambition to elevate his status ...