When Alauddin Khilji invaded Devagiri in 1296, its ruler was Ramchandra Dev of the Yadava dynasty. He failed to resist Alauddin’s sudden attack effectively and was forced to surrender. Later, Alauddin treated him generously, restored his kingdom as a vassal ...
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Statement (D) is false. Razia Sultan attempted to curb the power of the Turkish nobles (Chahalgani), not strengthen them. She tried to build a more inclusive administration by promoting capable non-Turks like Malik Yakut. Her reforms and assertiveness angered the ...
While Muhammad Ghori opened the path for Muslim rule in India, Qutbuddin Aibak is credited with founding the first independent Muslim state—the Delhi Sultanate—in 1206. After Ghori’s death, Aibak declared independence and ruled from Delhi and Lahore. His rise formally ...
According to Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind (or Tahqiq-i-Hind) in the 11th century, the Antyaj (classes below the Chaturvarna as Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) included both categories. They encompassed laborers and craftsmen involved in ‘unclean’ trades like washermen, cobblers, weavers, and shield-makers ...
Alauddin Khalji strongly resisted the interference of the ulama (religious scholars) in political decisions. He believed the state should be governed by practical needs, not religious opinions. His administrative and economic reforms were designed according to state interests and he ...