According to Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind (or Tahqiq-i-Hind) in the 11th century, the Antyaj (classes below the Chaturvarna as Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) included both categories. They encompassed laborers and craftsmen involved in ‘unclean’ trades like washermen, cobblers, weavers, and shield-makers ...
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Alauddin Khalji strongly resisted the interference of the ulama (religious scholars) in political decisions. He believed the state should be governed by practical needs, not religious opinions. His administrative and economic reforms were designed according to state interests and he ...
Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded India seventeen times between 1000 CE and 1027 CE. His campaigns targeted wealthy temples and kingdoms, especially in Punjab and Gujarat. The most famous attack was on the Somnath Temple. These invasions were mainly motivated by the ...
The statement refers to Jalaluddin Khalji, who avoided displaying excessive power, similar to the Roman Emperor Augustus. Jalaluddin followed a mild, conciliatory policy and tried to appear humble to win the support of nobles. He discouraged harsh measures, preferring persuasion ...