: This cryptic message was sent to Peshwa Balaji Bajirao to inform him of the catastrophic defeat at Panipat in 1761. The “two pearls” referred to the Peshwa’s son Vishwas Rao and cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau, while the “27 gold ...
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The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb consistently referred to Shivaji using derogatory terms like ‘mountain rat’ (pahari chuha) and a ‘daring bandit’. These terms reflected the Mughal court’s frustration with Shivaji’s successful guerrilla tactics and his ability to repeatedly evade capture, undermine ...
In the Mughal Mansabdari system, ‘Zat’ denoted the personal rank and status of the Mansabdar, which determined his salary. ‘Sawar’ denoted his military responsibilities, specifically the number of cavalry troopers he was required to maintain and bring to imperial service. ...
Zahiruddin Muhammad was the birth name of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. He was generally known by his chosen name, Babur, which is derived from the Persian word for “tiger.” Babur’s victory at the First Battle ...
The port of Surat on the west coast was called ‘Bab-ul-Makkah’ (The Gate of Mecca) during the Mughal period. This title was given because it was the primary port from which Muslim pilgrims departed on their annual Hajj journey to ...