The shape of an isoseismal line is usually irregular. This is because the Earth’s crust is not homogeneous. Seismic waves travel at different speeds and amplitudes through different materials; they might be muffled by mountains or amplified by soft river ...
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Long surface waves (L waves) cause the most damage during an earthquake. While Primary (P) waves are fast and Secondary (S) waves are strong, it is the surface waves that have the largest amplitude and longest duration. Their complex side-to-side ...
Surface waves are known as L waves (Long waves or Love waves). Unlike P and S waves that travel through the Earth’s interior (body waves), L waves travel only along the Earth’s surface. They move more slowly but have a ...