The land measurement scale, ‘Gajj-e-Sikandari’ (Sikandar’s Yard), was introduced by Sultan Sikandar Lodi of the Lodi dynasty. This standardized unit, equal to 32 digits, was crucial for accurate land revenue assessment and remained in use for nearly two centuries, even ...
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The Diwan-i-Riyasat (Ministry of Commerce) was established by Alauddin Khalji to execute his radical market control policy. This new ministry, headed by the Naib-i-Riyasat, strictly enforced all market regulations (Zabitas) and fixed prices on goods. Its primary purpose was to ...
Balban adopted the title Zill-e-Ilahi meaning “Shadow of God” to emphasize the sacred and absolute nature of kingship. He used grand royal symbolism, strict court etiquette and ceremonial practices to assert his supremacy over nobles and present the Sultan as ...
Taxes directly levied on agricultural produce included Kharaj, Umar Muktai and Muktai. Kharaj was the primary land tax imposed on non-Muslims. Umar Muktai and Muktai were additional forms of agrarian taxation. Khums, however, was a religious tax on war booty, ...
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) improved fruit quality by establishing over 1,200 gardens around Delhi, focusing heavily on horticulture. This administrative effort, part of his public works, significantly increased the cultivation and quality of various fruits, such as his favorite, grapes, ...