The Battle of Khanwa (1527) was the most decisive for Mughal consolidation. While Panipat established Mughal rule by defeating the Lodi Sultanate, Khanwa crushed the powerful Rajput Confederacy under Rana Sanga. This victory neutralized the strongest indigenous threat to Babur, ...
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The Muslim ruler whose gold coins bore the image of Goddess Lakshmi was Muhammad Ghori (Mu’izzuddin Muhammad ibn Sam). Issued after his conquests in northern India, this practice maintained a familiar local tradition to ensure the currency’s ready acceptance among ...
Alauddin Khalji implemented tight, centralising regulations — his “Four Ordinances” included confiscatory measures, a sophisticated intelligence/spy system, prohibition of public alcohol in the capital and curbs on nobles’ social gatherings — all aimed at breaking aristocratic power and tightening royal ...
Firoz Shah Tughlaq is renowned for his large-scale irrigation and canal-building projects. He constructed an extensive network of canals, refurbished older canals and promoted agricultural irrigation to improve cultivation. His public works also included rest-houses, hospitals and wells, reflecting a ...
Muhammad Ghori granted the first Iqta in India to his loyal slave-general Qutbuddin Aibak. This grant allowed Aibak to collect revenue from assigned territories in return for military service. The Iqta system became the foundation of Sultanate administration and helped ...