The main group involved in the overthrow of Razia Begum (r. 1236–1240) was the powerful faction of Turkish nobles, specifically the ‘Chahalgani’ or the Forty. They refused to accept a woman as the sovereign ruler, viewing her ascension and her ...
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Alauddin Khalji abandoned his plan to conquer the world like Alexander the Great at the behest of his trusted advisor, Alaul Mulk. Alaul Mulk, the Kotwal of Delhi, advised the Sultan to focus on conquering all of India and repelling ...
Firoz Shah Tughlaq is renowned for his large-scale irrigation and canal-building projects. He constructed an extensive network of canals, refurbished older canals and promoted agricultural irrigation to improve cultivation. His public works also included rest-houses, hospitals and wells, reflecting a ...
Muhammad Ghori granted the first Iqta in India to his loyal slave-general Qutbuddin Aibak. This grant allowed Aibak to collect revenue from assigned territories in return for military service. The Iqta system became the foundation of Sultanate administration and helped ...
The second major Turkish invasion of India is attributed to Muhammad Ghori. After Mahmud Ghaznavi’s earlier series of raids, Ghori’s campaigns marked the next major Turkish advance into the subcontinent. Unlike Mahmud, Ghori aimed to establish political control, and his ...