The ‘Ashtapradhan’ (Council of Eight Ministers) existed during the reign of Shivaji. This council was his advisory body, assisting him in the administration of the newly formed state. Unlike later administrations, the ministers were advisory and subordinate to the Chhatrapati, ...
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Shivaji was born at the Shivneri Fort near Junnar in 1630 AD. The fort was a secure stronghold in the Pune region, which was part of his father Shahaji’s Jagir. His early life and training under his mother Jijabai and ...
Chauth was a tax levied by Shivaji on neighbouring Mughal territories or states not under direct Maratha rule. It represented one-fourth (25%) of the revenue. It was essentially protection money—paid in exchange for a Maratha guarantee not to plunder the ...
The Tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah in Agra was commissioned by Empress Nur Jahan for her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg (who held the title Itmad-ud-Daulah), between 1622 and 1628. This monument is celebrated as the earliest example of a purely white marble ...
The correct sequence of the major battles in the War of Succession (1658-1659) is: Bahadurpur (Shuja vs. Dara’s forces, Feb 1658), Dharmat (Aurangzeb/Murad vs. Imperial, Apr 1658), Samugarh (Aurangzeb vs. Dara, May 1658), Khajwa (Aurangzeb vs. Shuja, Jan 1659) and ...