Mongol incursions into northwestern India occurred during Iltutmish’s period (early 13th century). The Mongol advance under Genghis Khan’s generals threatened the northwestern frontiers, compelling Iltutmish to strengthen frontier defenses and manage refugee flows. Although Genghis Khan’s main thrust bypassed deep ...
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Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced the department ‘Amir Kohi’ to improve agriculture and increase state revenue. This department encouraged cultivation of fallow lands, offered loans (taccavi) to farmers and promoted irrigation works. Though well-intentioned, many schemes suffered due to poor implementation ...
The first Indian ruler to defeat Muhammad Ghori was Solanki king Bhima II of Gujarat. In 1178 CE, Ghori invaded through the Gomal Pass and attacked Gujarat, but Bhima II’s forces decisively defeated him at the Battle of Kayadara near ...