The member of Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan who looked after foreign affairs was the Sumant, also known as the Dabir. His duties included advising the Chhatrapati on relations with other states organizing foreign intelligence and handling diplomatic correspondence, ensuring effective communication with ...
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The Jat leader Rajaram was responsible for the infamous desecration of Emperor Akbar’s tomb at Sikandra in 1688. In an act of extreme defiance and revenge against Mughal oppression, Rajaram’s forces looted the tomb, dug up Akbar’s grave and burned ...
Sher Shah (then Farid Khan) was appointed by his father, Hasan Khan Sur, as the manager (mutasaddi) of his jagir located at Sasaram (Sahasram) in Bihar. It was here that Farid gained valuable administrative experience in revenue collection and management, ...
Emperor Jahangir issued the ‘Twelve Ordinances’ (or Dastur-ul-Amal) immediately after his accession in 1605. These ordinances were a set of benevolent regulations aimed at ensuring justice and improving the welfare of his subjects. They covered diverse areas, including the abolition ...
Amir Khusro’s Khazain-ul-Futuh is the most reliable contemporary account of Alauddin Khalji’s southern expeditions. Written by his court poet, it provides firsthand descriptions of Malik Kafur’s campaigns in Devagiri, Warangal, Dwarasamudra and Madurai, documenting tribute collection, military encounters and political ...