The historian who was an eyewitness to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) was Kashiraj Pandit. He was a high official in the service of Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and provided one of the most comprehensive and critical firsthand accounts ...
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Chauth was a tax levied by Shivaji on neighbouring Mughal territories or states not under direct Maratha rule. It represented one-fourth (25%) of the revenue. It was essentially protection money—paid in exchange for a Maratha guarantee not to plunder the ...
In Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan (Council of Eight Ministers), the Peshwa was the Prime Minister. He was the chief executive officer of the state, serving as the head of the civil and military administration and representing the King in his absence. This ...
The ‘Akbarnama’ (Book of Akbar) was written by Abul Fazl, Emperor Akbar’s close friend and chief court chronicler. This massive, detailed history of Akbar’s reign is composed in elegant Persian and is divided into three volumes, with the third volume ...
Shah Jahan gave the titles ‘Shah Iqbal’ (King of Fortune) and ‘Shah Buland’ (Exalted King) to his eldest and favorite son, Dara Shikoh. These titles signified Shah Jahan’s public declaration of Dara as his chosen heir apparent. This clear favoritism, ...