In the Maratha cavalry, a Havaldar commanded a troop of 25 cavalrymen. This was the basic organizational unit. Five Havaldars were commanded by a Jumledar, demonstrating a highly standardized, decimalized military structure aimed at efficiency, quick deployment and clear lines ...
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The European traveler Peter Mundy, an English merchant and writer, came to India during the reign of Shah Jahan (1628–1658). He provided valuable first-hand accounts of the Mughal court and the devastating Deccan famine of 1630–1632. Hawkins and Roe visited ...
Abul Fazl, Akbar’s chief intellectual architect and court historian, called him ‘Zill-e-Ilahi’ (Shadow of God) and ‘Farr-e-Izdi’ (Light emanating from God). These titles were central to Abul Fazl’s formulation of the theory of divine light (Farr-i-Izidi), which argued that the ...
The Mughal emperor Akbar was born in the palace of Raja Veersal of Amarkot (Umarkot) in Sindh (present-day Pakistan). This occurred in 1542, during the exile of his father, Humayun, who had been forced to seek refuge after his defeat ...
The ‘Dahsala settlement’ (or Bandobast system) is directly related to Raja Todar Mal, the capable Finance Minister of Emperor Akbar. Implemented in 1580, this revenue system fixed the land revenue based on the average produce and prices of the preceding ...