Barani stated that Alauddin Khilji ruled independently of orthodox Islamic law (Sharia). He believed kingship should not be controlled by religious scholars. Alauddin implemented strict administrative, revenue and market reforms based on political necessity rather than religious guidelines, asserting absolute ...
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Statement (D) is false. Razia Sultan attempted to curb the power of the Turkish nobles (Chahalgani), not strengthen them. She tried to build a more inclusive administration by promoting capable non-Turks like Malik Yakut. Her reforms and assertiveness angered the ...