In Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan, the ‘Sar-e-Naubat’ (also Senapati) meant the Commander-in-Chief. He was responsible for the recruitment, discipline and organization of the Maratha army. Critically, the Sar-e-Naubat was primarily a military officer and had no civil authority, ensuring military power remained ...
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The “reserved land” intended for future allocation as Jagir (revenue assignment) during the Mughal period was called Paibaqi (or Paybaqi). This land was administered directly by the imperial treasury until it was officially assigned to a Mansabdar, at which point ...
The historian who passionately called Akbar an “enemy of Islam” was Abdul Qadir Badauni. As a contemporary orthodox cleric, Badauni was bitterly opposed to Akbar’s religious policies, such as the Din-i-Ilahi and the cessation of traditional Islamic practices, which he ...
Alauddin Khalji’s rule is described as “Centralized Despotism” because he minimized noble power, introduced strict regulations, controlled markets, centralized revenue and asserted the Sultan’s authority above religious law. His policies curbed aristocratic influence and strengthened an absolute, highly centralized monarchy. ...
Babur wrote detailed observations about India’s plants, animals, climate and geography in his memoir, Baburnama. He compared Indian species with those of Central Asia. His descriptions show his curiosity, love for nature and scientific temperament, making the Baburnama an important ...